vulkan_memory.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

#ifndef HALIDE_RUNTIME_VULKAN_MEMORY_H
#define HALIDE_RUNTIME_VULKAN_MEMORY_H
 
#include "internal/block_allocator.h"
#include "internal/memory_resources.h"
#include "vulkan_internal.h"
 
// Uncomment to enable verbose memory allocation debugging
// #define HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM 1
 
namespace Halide {
namespace Runtime {
namespace Internal {
namespace Vulkan {
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
// Enable external client to override Vulkan allocation callbacks (if they so desire)
WEAK ScopedSpinLock::AtomicFlag custom_allocation_callbacks_lock = 0;
WEAK const VkAllocationCallbacks *custom_allocation_callbacks = nullptr;  // nullptr => use Vulkan runtime implementation
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
// Runtime configuration parameters to adjust the behaviour of the block allocator
struct VulkanMemoryConfig {
    size_t maximum_pool_size = 0;                  //< Maximum number of bytes to allocate for the entire pool (including all blocks). Specified in bytes. Zero means no constraint
    size_t minimum_block_size = 32 * 1024 * 1024;  //< Default block size is 32MB
    size_t maximum_block_size = 0;                 //< Specified in bytes. Zero means no constraint
    size_t maximum_block_count = 0;                //< Maximum number of blocks to allocate. Zero means no constraint
    size_t nearest_multiple = 32;                  //< Always round up the requested region sizes to the given integer value. Zero means no constraint
};
WEAK VulkanMemoryConfig memory_allocator_config;
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
/** Vulkan Memory Allocator class interface for managing large
 * memory requests stored as contiguous blocks of memory, which
 * are then sub-allocated into smaller regions of
 * memory to avoid the excessive cost of vkAllocate and the limited
 * number of available allocation calls through the API.
 */
class VulkanMemoryAllocator {
public:
    // disable copy constructors and assignment
    VulkanMemoryAllocator(const VulkanMemoryAllocator &) = delete;
    VulkanMemoryAllocator &operator=(const VulkanMemoryAllocator &) = delete;
 
    // disable non-factory constrction
    VulkanMemoryAllocator() = delete;
    ~VulkanMemoryAllocator() = delete;
 
    // Factory methods for creation / destruction
    static VulkanMemoryAllocator *create(void *user_context, const VulkanMemoryConfig &config,
                                         VkDevice dev, VkPhysicalDevice phys_dev,
                                         const SystemMemoryAllocatorFns &system_allocator,
                                         const VkAllocationCallbacks *alloc_callbacks = nullptr);
 
    static int destroy(void *user_context, VulkanMemoryAllocator *allocator);
 
    // Public interface methods
    MemoryRegion *reserve(void *user_context, MemoryRequest &request);
    int release(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);  //< unmark and cache the region for reuse
    int reclaim(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);  //< free the region and consolidate
    int retain(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);   //< retain the region and increase its use count
    bool collect(void *user_context);                       //< returns true if any blocks were removed
    int release(void *user_context);
    int destroy(void *user_context);
 
    void *map(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);
    int unmap(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);
    MemoryRegion *create_crop(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region, uint64_t offset);
    int destroy_crop(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);
    MemoryRegion *owner_of(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region);
 
    VkDevice current_device() const {
        return this->device;
    }
    VkPhysicalDevice current_physical_device() const {
        return this->physical_device;
    }
    const VkAllocationCallbacks *callbacks() const {
        return this->alloc_callbacks;
    }
 
    static const VulkanMemoryConfig &default_config();
 
    static int allocate_block(void *instance_ptr, MemoryBlock *block);
    static int deallocate_block(void *instance_ptr, MemoryBlock *block);
 
    static int allocate_region(void *instance_ptr, MemoryRegion *region);
    static int deallocate_region(void *instance_ptr, MemoryRegion *region);
 
    size_t bytes_allocated_for_blocks() const;
    size_t blocks_allocated() const;
 
    size_t bytes_allocated_for_regions() const;
    size_t regions_allocated() const;
 
private:
    static constexpr uint32_t invalid_usage_flags = uint32_t(-1);
    static constexpr uint32_t invalid_memory_type = uint32_t(VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES);
 
    // Initializes a new instance
    int initialize(void *user_context, const VulkanMemoryConfig &config,
                   VkDevice dev, VkPhysicalDevice phys_dev,
                   const SystemMemoryAllocatorFns &system_allocator,
                   const VkAllocationCallbacks *alloc_callbacks = nullptr);
 
    uint32_t select_memory_usage(void *user_context, MemoryProperties properties) const;
 
    uint32_t select_memory_type(void *user_context,
                                VkPhysicalDevice physical_device,
                                MemoryProperties properties,
                                uint32_t required_flags) const;
 
    size_t block_byte_count = 0;
    size_t block_count = 0;
    size_t region_byte_count = 0;
    size_t region_count = 0;
    void *owner_context = nullptr;
    VulkanMemoryConfig config;
    VkDevice device = nullptr;
    VkPhysicalDevice physical_device = nullptr;
    VkPhysicalDeviceLimits physical_device_limits = {};
    const VkAllocationCallbacks *alloc_callbacks = nullptr;
    BlockAllocator *block_allocator = nullptr;
};
 
VulkanMemoryAllocator *VulkanMemoryAllocator::create(void *user_context,
                                                     const VulkanMemoryConfig &cfg, VkDevice dev, VkPhysicalDevice phys_dev,
                                                     const SystemMemoryAllocatorFns &system_allocator,
                                                     const VkAllocationCallbacks *alloc_callbacks) {
 
    if (system_allocator.allocate == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to create instance! Missing system allocator interface!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    VulkanMemoryAllocator *result = reinterpret_cast<VulkanMemoryAllocator *>(
        system_allocator.allocate(user_context, sizeof(VulkanMemoryAllocator)));
 
    if (result == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Failed to create instance! Out of memory!\n";
        return nullptr;  // caller must handle error case for out-of-memory
    }
 
    result->initialize(user_context, cfg, dev, phys_dev, system_allocator, alloc_callbacks);
    return result;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::destroy(void *user_context, VulkanMemoryAllocator *instance) {
    if (instance == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to destroy instance! Invalide instance pointer!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
    const BlockAllocator::MemoryAllocators &allocators = instance->block_allocator->current_allocators();
    instance->destroy(user_context);
    BlockAllocator::destroy(user_context, instance->block_allocator);
    if (allocators.system.deallocate == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to destroy instance! Missing system allocator interface!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
    allocators.system.deallocate(user_context, instance);
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::initialize(void *user_context,
                                      const VulkanMemoryConfig &cfg, VkDevice dev, VkPhysicalDevice phys_dev,
                                      const SystemMemoryAllocatorFns &system_allocator,
                                      const VkAllocationCallbacks *callbacks) {
 
    owner_context = user_context;
    config = cfg;
    device = dev;
    physical_device = phys_dev;
    alloc_callbacks = callbacks;
    region_count = 0;
    region_byte_count = 0;
    block_count = 0;
    block_byte_count = 0;
    BlockAllocator::MemoryAllocators allocators;
    allocators.system = system_allocator;
    allocators.block = {VulkanMemoryAllocator::allocate_block, VulkanMemoryAllocator::deallocate_block};
    allocators.region = {VulkanMemoryAllocator::allocate_region, VulkanMemoryAllocator::deallocate_region};
    BlockAllocator::Config block_allocator_config = {0};
    block_allocator_config.maximum_pool_size = cfg.maximum_pool_size;
    block_allocator_config.maximum_block_count = cfg.maximum_block_count;
    block_allocator_config.maximum_block_size = cfg.maximum_block_size;
    block_allocator_config.minimum_block_size = cfg.minimum_block_size;
    block_allocator_config.nearest_multiple = cfg.nearest_multiple;
    block_allocator = BlockAllocator::create(user_context, block_allocator_config, allocators);
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Failed to create BlockAllocator! Out of memory?!\n";
        return halide_error_code_out_of_memory;
    }
 
    // get the physical device properties to determine limits and allocation requirements
    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physical_device_properties = {0};
    memset(&physical_device_limits, 0, sizeof(VkPhysicalDeviceLimits));
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_device, &physical_device_properties);
    memcpy(&physical_device_limits, &(physical_device_properties.limits), sizeof(VkPhysicalDeviceLimits));
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
MemoryRegion *VulkanMemoryAllocator::reserve(void *user_context, MemoryRequest &request) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Reserving memory ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "block_allocator=" << (void *)(block_allocator) << " "
                   << "request_size=" << (uint32_t)(request.size) << " "
                   << "device=" << (void *)(device) << " "
                   << "physical_device=" << (void *)(physical_device) << ") ...\n";
#endif
 
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to reserve memory! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to reserve memory! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    return block_allocator->reserve(this, request);
}
 
void *VulkanMemoryAllocator::map(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Mapping region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "device=" << (void *)(device) << " "
                   << "physical_device=" << (void *)(physical_device) << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "region_size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "region_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << " "
                   << "crop_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->range.head_offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map memory! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map memory! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    MemoryRegion *owner = owner_of(user_context, region);
    RegionAllocator *region_allocator = RegionAllocator::find_allocator(user_context, owner);
    if (region_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map region! Invalid region allocator handle!\n";
        return nullptr;  // NOTE: caller must handle nullptr
    }
 
    BlockResource *block_resource = region_allocator->block_resource();
    if (block_resource == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map region! Invalid block resource handle!\n";
        return nullptr;  // NOTE: caller must handle nullptr
    }
 
    VkDeviceMemory *device_memory = reinterpret_cast<VkDeviceMemory *>(block_resource->memory.handle);
    if (device_memory == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map region! Invalid device memory handle!\n";
        return nullptr;  // NOTE: caller must handle nullptr
    }
 
    void *mapped_ptr = nullptr;
    VkDeviceSize memory_offset = region->offset + region->range.head_offset;
    VkDeviceSize memory_size = region->size - region->range.tail_offset - region->range.head_offset;
    if (((double)region->size - (double)region->range.tail_offset - (double)region->range.head_offset) <= 0.0) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to map region! Invalid memory range !\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: MapMemory ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << "\n"
                   << "  region_size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << "\n"
                   << "  region_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << "\n"
                   << "  region_range.head_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->range.head_offset << "\n"
                   << "  region_range.tail_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->range.tail_offset << "\n"
                   << "  memory_offset=" << (uint32_t)memory_offset << "\n"
                   << "  memory_size=" << (uint32_t)memory_size << ") ...\n";
 
    VkResult result = vkMapMemory(device, *device_memory, memory_offset, memory_size, 0, (void **)(&mapped_ptr));
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Mapping region failed! vkMapMemory returned error code: " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    return mapped_ptr;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::unmap(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unmapping region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "device=" << (void *)(device) << " "
                   << "physical_device=" << (void *)(physical_device) << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "region_size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "region_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << " "
                   << "crop_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->range.head_offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to unmap region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    MemoryRegion *owner = owner_of(user_context, region);
    RegionAllocator *region_allocator = RegionAllocator::find_allocator(user_context, owner);
    if (region_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to unmap region! Invalid region allocator handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    BlockResource *block_resource = region_allocator->block_resource();
    if (block_resource == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to unmap region! Invalid block resource handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    VkDeviceMemory *device_memory = reinterpret_cast<VkDeviceMemory *>(block_resource->memory.handle);
    if (device_memory == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to unmap region! Invalid device memory handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    vkUnmapMemory(device, *device_memory);
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
MemoryRegion *VulkanMemoryAllocator::create_crop(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region, uint64_t offset) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Cropping region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "device=" << (void *)(device) << " "
                   << "physical_device=" << (void *)(physical_device) << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "region_size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "region_offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << " "
                   << "crop_offset=" << (int64_t)offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to crop region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    MemoryRegion *owner = owner_of(user_context, region);
    RegionAllocator *region_allocator = RegionAllocator::find_allocator(user_context, owner);
    if (region_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to unmap region! Invalid region allocator handle!\n";
        return nullptr;  // NOTE: caller must handle nullptr
    }
 
    // increment usage count
    int error_code = region_allocator->retain(this, owner);
    if (error_code != halide_error_code_success) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to crop region! Failed to retain memory region!\n";
        return nullptr;  // NOTE: caller must handle nullptr
    }
 
    // create a new region to return, and copy all the other region's properties
    const BlockAllocator::MemoryAllocators &allocators = block_allocator->current_allocators();
    if (allocators.system.allocate == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to create crop! Missing system allocator interface!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    MemoryRegion *memory_region = reinterpret_cast<MemoryRegion *>(
        allocators.system.allocate(user_context, sizeof(MemoryRegion)));
 
    if (memory_region == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Failed to allocate memory region! Out of memory!\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
    memcpy(memory_region, owner, sizeof(MemoryRegion));
 
    // point the handle to the owner of the allocated region, and update the head offset
    memory_region->is_owner = false;
    memory_region->handle = (void *)owner;
    memory_region->range.head_offset = owner->range.head_offset + offset;
    return memory_region;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::destroy_crop(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
    if (region == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Failed to destroy crop! Invalid memory region!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    MemoryRegion *owner = owner_of(user_context, region);
    RegionAllocator *region_allocator = RegionAllocator::find_allocator(user_context, owner);
    if (region_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to destroy crop region! Invalid region allocator handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    // decrement usage count
    int error_code = region_allocator->release(this, owner);
    if (error_code != halide_error_code_success) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to destroy crop region! Region allocator failed to release memory region!\n";
        return error_code;
    }
 
    // discard the copied region struct
    const BlockAllocator::MemoryAllocators &allocators = block_allocator->current_allocators();
    if (allocators.system.deallocate == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to destroy crop region! Missing system allocator interface!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
    allocators.system.deallocate(user_context, region);
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
MemoryRegion *VulkanMemoryAllocator::owner_of(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
    if (region->is_owner) {
        return region;
    } else {
        // If this is a cropped region, use the handle to retrieve the owner of the allocation
        return reinterpret_cast<MemoryRegion *>(region->handle);
    }
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::release(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Releasing region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to release region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to release region! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    return block_allocator->release(this, region);
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::reclaim(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Reclaiming region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to reclaim region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to reclaim region! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    return block_allocator->reclaim(this, region);
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::retain(void *user_context, MemoryRegion *region) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Retaining region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << " "
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << " "
                   << "offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << ") ...\n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to retain region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to retain region! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    return block_allocator->retain(this, region);
}
 
bool VulkanMemoryAllocator::collect(void *user_context) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Collecting unused memory ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << ") ... \n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr) || (block_allocator == nullptr)) {
        return false;
    }
    return block_allocator->collect(this);
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::release(void *user_context) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Releasing block allocator ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << ") ... \n";
#endif
    if ((device == nullptr) || (physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to release allocator! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
    if (block_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to release allocator! Invalid block allocator!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    return block_allocator->release(this);
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::destroy(void *user_context) {
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Destroying allocator ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << ") ... \n";
#endif
    if (block_allocator != nullptr) {
        block_allocator->destroy(this);
    }
    region_count = 0;
    region_byte_count = 0;
    block_count = 0;
    block_byte_count = 0;
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
const VulkanMemoryConfig &
VulkanMemoryAllocator::default_config() {
    static VulkanMemoryConfig result;
    return result;
}
 
// --
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::allocate_block(void *instance_ptr, MemoryBlock *block) {
    VulkanMemoryAllocator *instance = reinterpret_cast<VulkanMemoryAllocator *>(instance_ptr);
    if (instance == nullptr) {
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    void *user_context = instance->owner_context;
    if ((instance->device == nullptr) || (instance->physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    if (block == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid pointer!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Allocating block ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "block=" << (void *)(block) << " "
                   << "size=" << (uint64_t)block->size << ", "
                   << "dedicated=" << (block->dedicated ? "true" : "false") << " "
                   << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(block->properties.usage) << " "
                   << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(block->properties.caching) << " "
                   << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(block->properties.visibility) << ")\n";
#endif
 
    // Find an appropriate memory type given the flags
    uint32_t memory_type = instance->select_memory_type(user_context, instance->physical_device, block->properties, 0);
    if (memory_type == invalid_memory_type) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to find appropriate memory type for device!\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    // Allocate memory
    VkMemoryAllocateInfo alloc_info = {
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,  // struct type
        nullptr,                                 // struct extending this
        block->size,                             // size of allocation in bytes
        memory_type                              // memory type index from physical device
    };
 
    VkDeviceMemory *device_memory = (VkDeviceMemory *)vk_host_malloc(nullptr, sizeof(VkDeviceMemory), 0, VK_SYSTEM_ALLOCATION_SCOPE_OBJECT, instance->alloc_callbacks);
    if (device_memory == nullptr) {
        debug(nullptr) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to allocate block! Failed to allocate device memory handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_out_of_memory;
    }
 
    VkResult result = vkAllocateMemory(instance->device, &alloc_info, instance->alloc_callbacks, device_memory);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Allocation failed! vkAllocateMemory returned: " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_device_malloc_failed;
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME
    debug(nullptr) << "vkAllocateMemory: Allocated memory for device region (" << (uint64_t)block->size << " bytes) ...\n";
#endif
 
    uint32_t usage_flags = instance->select_memory_usage(user_context, block->properties);
 
    VkBufferCreateInfo create_info = {
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,  // struct type
        nullptr,                               // struct extending this
        0,                                     // create flags
        sizeof(uint32_t),                      // buffer size (in bytes)
        usage_flags,                           // buffer usage flags
        VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,             // sharing mode
        0, nullptr};
 
    // Create a buffer to determine alignment requirements
    VkBuffer buffer = {0};
    result = vkCreateBuffer(instance->device, &create_info, instance->alloc_callbacks, &buffer);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Failed to create buffer!\n\t"
                       << "vkCreateBuffer returned: " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_device_malloc_failed;
    }
 
    VkMemoryRequirements memory_requirements = {0};
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(instance->device, buffer, &memory_requirements);
    vkDestroyBuffer(instance->device, buffer, instance->alloc_callbacks);
 
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Block allocated ("
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)block->size << ", "
                   << "alignment=" << (uint32_t)memory_requirements.alignment << ", "
                   << "uniform_buffer_offset_alignment=" << (uint32_t)instance->physical_device_limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment << ", "
                   << "storage_buffer_offset_alignment=" << (uint32_t)instance->physical_device_limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment << ", "
                   << "dedicated=" << (block->dedicated ? "true" : "false") << ")\n";
#endif
 
    // Enforce any alignment constrainst reported by the device limits for each usage type
    if (usage_flags & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT) {
        block->properties.alignment = instance->physical_device_limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment;
    } else if (usage_flags & VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT) {
        block->properties.alignment = instance->physical_device_limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
    }
    // Some drivers appear to report a buffer alignment constraint (regardless of usage) that can be larger than either of the above
    if (memory_requirements.alignment > block->properties.alignment) {
        block->properties.alignment = memory_requirements.alignment;
    }
    block->handle = (void *)device_memory;
    instance->block_byte_count += block->size;
    instance->block_count++;
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::deallocate_block(void *instance_ptr, MemoryBlock *block) {
    VulkanMemoryAllocator *instance = reinterpret_cast<VulkanMemoryAllocator *>(instance_ptr);
    if (instance == nullptr) {
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    void *user_context = instance->owner_context;
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Deallocating block ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "block=" << (void *)(block) << ") ... \n";
#endif
 
    if ((instance->device == nullptr) || (instance->physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    if (block == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid pointer!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: deallocating block ("
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)block->size << ", "
                   << "dedicated=" << (block->dedicated ? "true" : "false") << " "
                   << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(block->properties.usage) << " "
                   << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(block->properties.caching) << " "
                   << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(block->properties.visibility) << ")\n";
#endif
 
    if (block->handle == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    VkDeviceMemory *device_memory = reinterpret_cast<VkDeviceMemory *>(block->handle);
    if (device_memory == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to deallocate block! Invalid device memory handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    vkFreeMemory(instance->device, *device_memory, instance->alloc_callbacks);
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME
    debug(nullptr) << "vkFreeMemory: Deallocated memory for device region (" << (uint64_t)block->size << " bytes) ...\n";
#endif
 
    if (instance->block_count > 0) {
        instance->block_count--;
    } else {
        error(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Block counter invalid ... reseting to zero!\n";
        instance->block_count = 0;
    }
 
    if (int64_t(instance->block_byte_count) - int64_t(block->size) >= 0) {
        instance->block_byte_count -= block->size;
    } else {
        error(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Block byte counter invalid ... reseting to zero!\n";
        instance->block_byte_count = 0;
    }
 
    block->handle = nullptr;
    vk_host_free(nullptr, device_memory, instance->alloc_callbacks);
    device_memory = nullptr;
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
size_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::blocks_allocated() const {
    return block_count;
}
 
size_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::bytes_allocated_for_blocks() const {
    return block_byte_count;
}
 
uint32_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::select_memory_type(void *user_context,
                                                   VkPhysicalDevice physical_device,
                                                   MemoryProperties properties,
                                                   uint32_t required_flags) const {
 
    uint32_t want_flags = 0;  //< preferred memory flags for requested access type
    uint32_t need_flags = 0;  //< must have in order to enable requested access
    switch (properties.visibility) {
    case MemoryVisibility::HostOnly:
        want_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryVisibility::DeviceOnly:
        need_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryVisibility::DeviceToHost:
        need_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT;
        want_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryVisibility::HostToDevice:
        need_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryVisibility::DefaultVisibility:
    case MemoryVisibility::InvalidVisibility:
    default:
        error(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to convert type! Invalid memory visibility request!\n\t"
                       << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(properties.visibility) << "\n";
        return invalid_memory_type;
    };
 
    switch (properties.caching) {
    case MemoryCaching::CachedCoherent:
        if (need_flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) {
            want_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
        }
        break;
    case MemoryCaching::UncachedCoherent:
        if (need_flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) {
            want_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
        }
        break;
    case MemoryCaching::Cached:
        if (need_flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) {
            want_flags |= VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT;
        }
        break;
    case MemoryCaching::Uncached:
    case MemoryCaching::DefaultCaching:
        break;
    case MemoryCaching::InvalidCaching:
    default:
        error(user_context) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Unable to convert type! Invalid memory caching request!\n\t"
                            << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(properties.caching) << "\n";
        return invalid_memory_type;
    };
 
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties device_memory_properties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical_device, &device_memory_properties);
 
    uint32_t result = invalid_memory_type;
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_memory_properties.memoryTypeCount; ++i) {
 
        // if required flags are given, see if the memory type matches the requirement
        if (required_flags) {
            if (((required_flags >> i) & 1) == 0) {
                continue;
            }
        }
 
        const VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties = device_memory_properties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags;
        if (need_flags) {
            if ((properties & need_flags) != need_flags) {
                continue;
            }
        }
 
        if (want_flags) {
            if ((properties & want_flags) != want_flags) {
                continue;
            }
        }
 
        result = i;
        break;
    }
 
    if (result == invalid_memory_type) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Failed to find appropriate memory type for given properties:\n\t"
                            << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(properties.usage) << " "
                            << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(properties.caching) << " "
                            << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(properties.visibility) << "\n";
        return invalid_memory_type;
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
// --
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::allocate_region(void *instance_ptr, MemoryRegion *region) {
 
    VulkanMemoryAllocator *instance = reinterpret_cast<VulkanMemoryAllocator *>(instance_ptr);
    if (instance == nullptr) {
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    void *user_context = instance->owner_context;
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Allocating region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << ") ... \n";
#endif
 
    if ((instance->device == nullptr) || (instance->physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    if (region == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Invalid pointer!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Allocating region ("
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << ", "
                   << "offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << ", "
                   << "dedicated=" << (region->dedicated ? "true" : "false") << " "
                   << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(region->properties.usage) << " "
                   << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(region->properties.caching) << " "
                   << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(region->properties.visibility) << ")\n";
#endif
 
    uint32_t usage_flags = instance->select_memory_usage(user_context, region->properties);
 
    VkBufferCreateInfo create_info = {
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,  // struct type
        nullptr,                               // struct extending this
        0,                                     // create flags
        region->size,                          // buffer size (in bytes)
        usage_flags,                           // buffer usage flags
        VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,             // sharing mode
        0, nullptr};
 
    VkBuffer *buffer = (VkBuffer *)vk_host_malloc(nullptr, sizeof(VkBuffer), 0, VK_SYSTEM_ALLOCATION_SCOPE_OBJECT, instance->alloc_callbacks);
    if (buffer == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Failed to allocate buffer handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_out_of_memory;
    }
 
    VkResult result = vkCreateBuffer(instance->device, &create_info, instance->alloc_callbacks, buffer);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Failed to create buffer!\n\t"
                            << "vkCreateBuffer returned: " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_device_malloc_failed;
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME
    debug(nullptr) << "vkCreateBuffer: Created buffer for device region (" << (uint64_t)region->size << " bytes) ...\n";
#endif
 
    RegionAllocator *region_allocator = RegionAllocator::find_allocator(user_context, region);
    if (region_allocator == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Invalid region allocator!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    BlockResource *block_resource = region_allocator->block_resource();
    if (block_resource == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Invalid block resource handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    VkDeviceMemory *device_memory = reinterpret_cast<VkDeviceMemory *>(block_resource->memory.handle);
    if (device_memory == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanBlockAllocator: Unable to allocate region! Invalid device memory handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    // Finally, bind buffer to the device memory
    result = vkBindBufferMemory(instance->device, *buffer, *device_memory, region->offset);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Failed to bind buffer!\n\t"
                            << "vkBindBufferMemory returned: " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    region->handle = (void *)buffer;
    region->is_owner = true;
    instance->region_byte_count += region->size;
    instance->region_count++;
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
int VulkanMemoryAllocator::deallocate_region(void *instance_ptr, MemoryRegion *region) {
    VulkanMemoryAllocator *instance = reinterpret_cast<VulkanMemoryAllocator *>(instance_ptr);
    if (instance == nullptr) {
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    void *user_context = instance->owner_context;
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanMemoryAllocator: Deallocating region ("
                   << "user_context=" << user_context << " "
                   << "region=" << (void *)(region) << ") ... \n";
#endif
 
    if ((instance->device == nullptr) || (instance->physical_device == nullptr)) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to deallocate region! Invalid device handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    if (region == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to deallocate region! Invalid pointer!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
#if defined(HL_VK_DEBUG_MEM)
    debug(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Deallocating region ("
                   << "size=" << (uint32_t)region->size << ", "
                   << "offset=" << (uint32_t)region->offset << ", "
                   << "dedicated=" << (region->dedicated ? "true" : "false") << " "
                   << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(region->properties.usage) << " "
                   << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(region->properties.caching) << " "
                   << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(region->properties.visibility) << ")\n";
#endif
 
    if (region->handle == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to deallocate region! Invalid handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    VkBuffer *buffer = reinterpret_cast<VkBuffer *>(region->handle);
    if (buffer == nullptr) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to deallocate region! Invalid buffer handle!\n";
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    vkDestroyBuffer(instance->device, *buffer, instance->alloc_callbacks);
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME
    debug(nullptr) << "vkDestroyBuffer: Destroyed buffer for device region (" << (uint64_t)region->size << " bytes) ...\n";
#endif
    region->handle = nullptr;
    if (instance->region_count > 0) {
        instance->region_count--;
    } else {
        error(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Region counter invalid ... reseting to zero!\n";
        instance->region_count = 0;
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
 
    if (int64_t(instance->region_byte_count) - int64_t(region->size) >= 0) {
        instance->region_byte_count -= region->size;
    } else {
        error(nullptr) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Region byte counter invalid ... reseting to zero!\n";
        instance->region_byte_count = 0;
        return halide_error_code_internal_error;
    }
    vk_host_free(nullptr, buffer, instance->alloc_callbacks);
    buffer = nullptr;
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
size_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::regions_allocated() const {
    return region_count;
}
 
size_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::bytes_allocated_for_regions() const {
    return region_byte_count;
}
 
uint32_t VulkanMemoryAllocator::select_memory_usage(void *user_context, MemoryProperties properties) const {
    uint32_t result = 0;
    switch (properties.usage) {
    case MemoryUsage::UniformStorage:
        result |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryUsage::DynamicStorage:
    case MemoryUsage::StaticStorage:
        result |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryUsage::TransferSrc:
        result |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryUsage::TransferDst:
        result |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryUsage::TransferSrcDst:
        result |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
        break;
    case MemoryUsage::DefaultUsage:
    case MemoryUsage::InvalidUsage:
    default:
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Unable to convert type! Invalid memory usage request!\n\t"
                            << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(properties.usage) << "\n";
        return invalid_usage_flags;
    };
 
    if (result == invalid_usage_flags) {
        error(user_context) << "VulkanRegionAllocator: Failed to find appropriate memory usage for given properties:\n\t"
                            << "usage=" << halide_memory_usage_name(properties.usage) << " "
                            << "caching=" << halide_memory_caching_name(properties.caching) << " "
                            << "visibility=" << halide_memory_visibility_name(properties.visibility) << "\n";
        return invalid_usage_flags;
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
namespace {
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Halide System allocator for host allocations
void *vk_system_malloc(void *user_context, size_t size) {
    return malloc(size);
}
 
void vk_system_free(void *user_context, void *ptr) {
    free(ptr);
}
 
// Vulkan host-side allocation
void *vk_host_malloc(void *user_context, size_t size, size_t alignment, VkSystemAllocationScope scope, const VkAllocationCallbacks *callbacks) {
    if (callbacks) {
        return callbacks->pfnAllocation(user_context, size, alignment, scope);
    } else {
        return vk_system_malloc(user_context, size);
    }
}
 
void vk_host_free(void *user_context, void *ptr, const VkAllocationCallbacks *callbacks) {
    if (callbacks) {
        return callbacks->pfnFree(user_context, ptr);
    } else {
        return vk_system_free(user_context, ptr);
    }
}
 
VulkanMemoryAllocator *vk_create_memory_allocator(void *user_context,
                                                  VkDevice device,
                                                  VkPhysicalDevice physical_device,
                                                  const VkAllocationCallbacks *alloc_callbacks) {
 
    SystemMemoryAllocatorFns system_allocator = {vk_system_malloc, vk_system_free};
    VulkanMemoryConfig config = memory_allocator_config;
 
    // Parse the allocation config string (if specified).
    //
    // `HL_VK_ALLOC_CONFIG=N:N:N` will tell Halide to configure the Vulkan memory
    // allocator use the given constraints specified as three integer values
    // separated by a `:` or `;`. These values correspond to `minimum_block_size`,
    // `maximum_block_size` and `maximum_block_count`.
    //
    const char *alloc_config = vk_get_alloc_config_internal(user_context);
    if (!StringUtils::is_empty(alloc_config)) {
        StringTable alloc_config_values;
        alloc_config_values.parse(user_context, alloc_config, HL_VK_ENV_DELIM);
        if (alloc_config_values.size() > 0) {
            config.maximum_pool_size = atoi(alloc_config_values[0]) * 1024 * 1024;
            print(user_context) << "Vulkan: Configuring allocator with " << (uint32_t)config.maximum_pool_size << " for maximum pool size (in bytes)\n";
        }
        if (alloc_config_values.size() > 1) {
            config.minimum_block_size = atoi(alloc_config_values[1]) * 1024 * 1024;
            print(user_context) << "Vulkan: Configuring allocator with " << (uint32_t)config.minimum_block_size << " for minimum block size (in bytes)\n";
        }
        if (alloc_config_values.size() > 2) {
            config.maximum_block_size = atoi(alloc_config_values[2]) * 1024 * 1024;
            print(user_context) << "Vulkan: Configuring allocator with " << (uint32_t)config.maximum_block_size << " for maximum block size (in bytes)\n";
        }
        if (alloc_config_values.size() > 3) {
            config.maximum_block_count = atoi(alloc_config_values[3]);
            print(user_context) << "Vulkan: Configuring allocator with " << (uint32_t)config.maximum_block_count << " for maximum block count\n";
        }
        if (alloc_config_values.size() > 4) {
            config.nearest_multiple = atoi(alloc_config_values[4]);
            print(user_context) << "Vulkan: Configuring allocator with " << (uint32_t)config.nearest_multiple << " for nearest multiple\n";
        }
    }
 
    return VulkanMemoryAllocator::create(user_context,
                                         config, device, physical_device,
                                         system_allocator, alloc_callbacks);
}
 
int vk_destroy_memory_allocator(void *user_context, VulkanMemoryAllocator *allocator) {
    if (allocator != nullptr) {
        VulkanMemoryAllocator::destroy(user_context, allocator);
        allocator = nullptr;
    }
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
int vk_clear_device_buffer(void *user_context,
                           VulkanMemoryAllocator *allocator,
                           VkCommandPool command_pool,
                           VkQueue command_queue,
                           VkBuffer device_buffer) {
 
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME
    debug(user_context)
        << " vk_clear_device_buffer (user_context: " << user_context << ", "
        << "allocator: " << (void *)allocator << ", "
        << "command_pool: " << (void *)command_pool << ", "
        << "command_queue: " << (void *)command_queue << ", "
        << "device_buffer: " << (void *)device_buffer << ")\n";
#endif
 
    // create a command buffer
    VkCommandBuffer command_buffer;
    int error_code = vk_create_command_buffer(user_context, allocator, command_pool, &command_buffer);
    if (error_code != halide_error_code_success) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: Failed to create command buffer!\n";
        return error_code;
    }
 
    // begin the command buffer
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo command_buffer_begin_info =
        {
            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,  // struct type
            nullptr,                                      // pointer to struct extending this
            VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,  // flags
            nullptr                                       // pointer to parent command buffer
        };
 
    VkResult result = vkBeginCommandBuffer(command_buffer, &command_buffer_begin_info);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: vkBeginCommandBuffer returned " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    // fill buffer with zero values up to the size of the buffer
    vkCmdFillBuffer(command_buffer, device_buffer, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0);
 
    // end the command buffer
    result = vkEndCommandBuffer(command_buffer);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: vkEndCommandBuffer returned " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    // submit the command buffer
    VkSubmitInfo submit_info =
        {
            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,  // struct type
            nullptr,                        // pointer to struct extending this
            0,                              // wait semaphore count
            nullptr,                        // semaphores
            nullptr,                        // pipeline stages where semaphore waits occur
            1,                              // how many command buffers to execute
            &command_buffer,                // the command buffers
            0,                              // number of semaphores to signal
            nullptr                         // the semaphores to signal
        };
 
    result = vkQueueSubmit(command_queue, 1, &submit_info, 0);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: vkQueueSubmit returned " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    // wait for memset to finish
    result = vkQueueWaitIdle(command_queue);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: vkQueueWaitIdle returned " << vk_get_error_name(result) << "\n";
        return halide_error_code_generic_error;
    }
 
    error_code = vk_destroy_command_buffer(user_context, allocator, command_pool, command_buffer);
    if (error_code != halide_error_code_success) {
        error(user_context) << "Vulkan: Failed to destroy command buffer!\n";
        return error_code;
    }
 
    return halide_error_code_success;
}
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
}  // namespace
}  // namespace Vulkan
}  // namespace Internal
}  // namespace Runtime
}  // namespace Halide
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
extern "C" {
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
WEAK void halide_vulkan_set_allocation_callbacks(const VkAllocationCallbacks *callbacks) {
    using namespace Halide::Runtime::Internal::Vulkan;
    ScopedSpinLock lock(&custom_allocation_callbacks_lock);
    custom_allocation_callbacks = callbacks;
}
 
WEAK const VkAllocationCallbacks *halide_vulkan_get_allocation_callbacks(void *user_context) {
    using namespace Halide::Runtime::Internal::Vulkan;
    ScopedSpinLock lock(&custom_allocation_callbacks_lock);
    return custom_allocation_callbacks;
}
 
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
}  // extern "C"
 
#endif  // HALIDE_RUNTIME_VULKAN_MEMORY_H